Conduction is heat transfer by which mechanism?

Conduction is heat transfer by which mechanism?

• A. Convection.
• B. Direct contact between substances at different temperatures.
• C. Radiation.
• D. Mass transfer.

Answer: (B)

Conduction is heat transfer through direct contact between substances, where energy moves from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature by molecular interactions. When a hot object touches a cooler one, the faster-moving particles in the hot area collide with cooler particles, transferring some of their energy. This transfer propagates through the material and continues until temperatures even out. In solids, the process occurs mainly through vibrations of the lattice, and in metals, free electrons also carry energy quickly, making metals good conductors. This mechanism happens without bulk movement of the material itself, unlike convection, which relies on moving fluids, or radiation, which transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.

Conduction is heat transfer through direct contact between substances, where energy moves from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature by molecular interactions. When a hot object touches a cooler one, the faster-moving particles in the hot area collide with cooler particles, transferring some of their energy. This transfer propagates through the material and continues until temperatures even out. In solids, the process occurs mainly through vibrations of the lattice, and in metals, free electrons also carry energy quickly, making metals good conductors. This mechanism happens without bulk movement of the material itself, unlike convection, which relies on moving fluids, or radiation, which transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.